Why has it become necessary to ask moral (ethical) questions in the Essay

Why has it become necessary to ask moral (ethical) questions in the present global economic conditions - Essay Example This is attributable to the fact that when making business decisions, managers have to take into account the views and beliefs on the working of the world and the social consequences of development, with particular significance in developing countries. Companies are not merely faced with issues about the morality of their actions and practices but also have to consider the impact of the actions on the reputation, legal exposures and competition amongst other aspects (Feigenbaum). Businesses are faced with moral quandaries from various levels of organizational decisions. The wage and labour conditions are critical factors in the economic growth of the company. Businesses that have maintained high standards of worker conditions and have paid the workers well are met with challenges in maintaining the same standards when they expand. For the long-term profitability of business ventures and continuing profitability, managers need to consider the impact of the business on the local workfo rce. Ethical issues may arise on the grounds of discrimination, rights of the workers and their tasks. Businesses are also starting to give more importance to the effects of their activities on the environment in particular reference to the pace and effects of economic globalization (Panayotou 2000). As public awareness rises and there is increasing pressure for social corporate responsibility, businesses who fail to comply with the standards for environmental sustainability are meeting grave consequences in national and international media. Business decisions also have political implications, with differing opinions amongst theorists on the effects of business on the political and economic framework of the country (Feigenbaum). This paper looks into the moral issues of a corporation and seeks to analyse them using moral frameworks including the social contract model and deontology. The Moral Problem: Enron Ethics is defined as the art of guiding the actions of men towards the produ ction of the maximum degree of happiness (Bentham 1823). People who run the business or an organization are responsible for conducting the business in a way that is yields the maximum benefits to not only the company but also the employees and the stakeholders. The ethical practices of Enron became a high-profile ethical scandal because the executives at the company did not give any regard to the interests of the employees and the stakeholders. The unethical practices of the executives of the company led to the company going bankrupt, with all of the shareholders losing their money and the employees being deprived of their jobs. Kenneth Lay, former Enron CEO, and Jeffery Skilling were involved in unethical activities that led to the fall of the entire company. The Executives were involved in manipulating the financial statements of the company (Collins 2006). Amongst other ethical issues, one issue also was whether it was ethical of the women, who took the case to the media, to whis tleblow on the Executives (Kinicki & Kreitner 2009). The Enron crisis gave rise to the â€Å"infallibility of the capitalistic economic system† (Conrad 2010). Analysing the Moral Problem According to a business ethicist, Manuel Velasquez, the reasons for ethical shortcomings of Enron can largely grouped into personal, organizational and systemic causes. Personal causes tend to explain the intent behind the actions that the executives took. The executives appeared greedy and interested in increasing their personal wealth. They did not give any consideration to the ethical implications of their actions and their actions represented a lack of compassion to the employees and the stakeholders (Santa Clara University 2010). When analysing their actions from a moral

Aircraft Crash Survival Analysis and Design Essay Example for Free

Aircraft Crash Survival Analysis and Design Essay 1. Describe the effect plowing can have on crash forces when the impact surface is soft soil. Earth gouging and scooping of soil occur when the structure makes initial contact with the ground which minimize the acceleration and force levels to which the structure is subjected. Soft soil can cause plowing and rapid deceleration if there is a large horizontal velocity component. A high-speed longitudinal impact into water can also cause high loads from water plowing as water enters through lower nose transparencies. Reducing the earth scooping effects encountered in longitudinal impacts should include a large, relatively flat surface thereby increasing the aircrafts tendency to slide over the impact terrain and by minimizing inward buckling of the fuselage nose or engine nacelle to maintain skid surface integrity. 2. Explain the term submarining in respect to the use of lap belt restraints. What human injuries may result? This is where the lap belt rides over the pelvic brim and compresses the soft tissues of the abdomen resulting in serious abdominal and spinal injuries. Submarining occurs due to the pelvis rotating under the lap belt, usually due to inappropriate location of the lap belt anchors or due to poor design of the seat bottom or a combination of both. Lap belt only restraints so commonly inflicted serious injuries on users in automobile crashes that the medical community coined a new term, â€Å"the seat belt syndrome†, to describe  the constellation of injuries caused by submarining under the lap belt. ftp://ftp.rta.nato.int/pubfulltext/RTO/EN/RTO-EN-HFM-113/EN-HFM-113-06.pdf 3. Discuss forward and rearward facing passenger seats and explain which you feel may be an advantage in crash survivability. The rearward-facing seat is optimal for providing maximum support and contact area in longitudinal impacts. The only critical impact sequence for the rearward-facing seat is one that involves a severe lateral component that allows sideward movement of the occupant prior to application of the longitudinal or vertical Pulse. However, lateral torso movement can be minimized by use of a torso restraint system of much lighter weight than that required for other seat orientations. The rearward-facing cabin seat is preferred. 4. Explain the concept and intention of Delethalization of Cockpit and Cabin Interiors. The delethalization of cockpit and cabin interiors is the design and set up of aircraft cockpits and cabins to prevent injury on impact. This is done by ensuring the occupants immediate environment be designed so that when the body parts do flail and contact rigid or semi-rigid structures, injury potential is minimized. This can be done in different manners. First is to relocate the hazardous structure or object out of the occupants reach or the hazard might be reduced by mounting the offending structure on frangible or energy-absorbing supports and applying a padding material to distribute the contact force over a larger area on the body member. The aircraft interior has occupant strike envelopes, meaning that there are hazards that are more conducive to occupant injury than others. Overall the intent is to protect the head and torso first to prevent debilitating injuries or death and then protecting the lower body parts to ensure the area hazards are clear of tripping hazards or anything that could prevent rapid escape. Typical contact hazards in the cockpit area include window and door frames, consoles, controls and control columns, seat backs,  electrical junction boxes, glare shields, and instrument panels. Contact hazards commonly found in aircraft cabin areas include window and door frames, seats, and fuselage structure. Use of suitable energy absorbing padding materials, frangible breakaway panels, smooth contoured surfaces, or ductile materials in the typical hazard areas mentioned is recommended to reduce the injury potential of occupied areas. The use of protective helmets is also recommended in certain types of aircraft. 5. Explain the expected advantage frangible fuel system attachments can provide as an aircraft post-crash survival technique. Frangible Attachment- An attachment possessing a part that is designed to fail at a predetermined location and/or load. Frangible structures or frangible bolts should be used at all attachment points between fuel tanks and aircraft structure to prevent fuel tank components from being torn out of the tank wall during impact. Frangible attachments should be used at other points in the flammable fluid systems where aircraft structural deformation could lead to flammable fluid leakage. This increases the survivability by containing any remaining fuel to the tank its encapsulated within and reducing the chance of a fire being spread throughout a crash site or into the cabin. 6. What are some of the key concerns when selecting aircraft interior materials form a crash survivability perspective? All aircraft interior materials such as seat fabrics and cushions, interior wall insulations, and nonmetallic structural components must be flame resistant and produce the least amount of smoke and toxic gases possible. 7. Describe some of the key points of post-crash design criteria associated with oil and hydraulic systems. Oil and hydraulic fluids are easily ignited and can serve as ready ignition sources for fuel meaning fluid spillage should be prevented. Oil tanks and  hydraulic reservoirs should not be located where spilled or sprayed fluid can readily be ingested into the engine or ignited by the engine exhaust. Oil tanks and hydraulic reservoirs should not be located near the bottom of the fuselage, in or above engine compartments, in electrical compartments, in occupiable areas under, in front of, or at the side of heavy masses, such as engines and transmissions, nor above landing gears Oil and hydraulic lines should consist of flexible hoses with steel-braided outer sheaths and for high-temperature; coiled metal tubing should be used. Lines should not be routed, near the bottom of the fuselage, over landing gears, under, in front of, or at the sides of heavy masses, such as engines and transmissions, in the leading edges of wings, in areas of anticipated rotor blade impact, in any area where flammable fluids could be spilled or sprayed onto hot surfaces or ingested into the engine or above electrical wiring 8. Considering aircraft electrical system post-crash survivability design, what are the guidelines concerning routing electrical wires in the vicinity of flammable fluid lines? Wiring is a prime ignition source for leaking oil, fuel or hydraulic fluid leaks or vapors. To aid in crash survivability wires should be routed above or away from flammable fluid lines and they should never be closely spaced between outer skin and fuel lines. Wires must not be routed near flammable fluid tanks unless the wires are shrouded to prevent arcing. Wires should not be routed near the bottom of the fuselage, over landing gears or in the leading edges of wings. 9. What G forces are experienced if an aircraft impacts the ground at a speed of 120 MPH and skids along the ground 50 feet before coming to rest? 9.8 G’s. 120^2/50 = 14400/50=288288x.034=9.79 10. Explain why you believe passenger airlines do not have to utilize passenger shoulder harnesses as a crash survival precaution. The passenger shoulder harness is not used for crash survival because: *  The cost of the harnesses for one would be huge to retrofit all the airliners in the fleet today and that cost would be put onto the customer. * The need for various sizes; very small through very large would result in further cost. * Comfort, if people are not comfortable then they will not have a good flying experience while others may have a fear or feeling that they are trapped. * The ability to understand how to use the shoulder harness. Most cannot figure out how to wear the harness which would delay taxiing and flight times. The required ability to quickly restrap in bad weather or to unstrap in an egress situation could be deadly. * Americans don’t like to be told what they have to do†¦.they are the paying customer.

Efficiency Rationales For Vertical Restraints Economics Essay

Efficiency Rationales For Vertical Restraints Economics Essay INTRODUCTION Competition law history shows that since the early 70s, many economists have developed a more thorough theoretical and empirical knowledge into the workings of vertical restraints. The new theories are often rooted in principal-agent theory, where the supplier is the principal and the distributor is the agent, and vertical contracts are used to align incentives to resolve information asymmetries between the two. (Niels, G, Jenkins, H and Kavanagh, J, 2011). VERTICAL RESTRAINTS In nearly all markets across the world, products are made in different stages and manufacturers do not sell their products directly to the final consumer but via intermediaries, distributors, wholesalers, retailers etc. The treatment of vertical agreements under competition law is different when compared to horizontal agreements. When goods and services are complements, price cuts cause an opposite effect.  [1]  Price cuts by one company will tend to stimulate demand for complementary products. This effect is again an external effect, and the price-cutting company will normally not take it into account. Thus, each firm has an interest in seeing price cuts by suppliers of complementary products. A joint profit-maximizing agreement between complementary firms will then seek to internalize the price externalities and lead to price reduction. This is exactly in the interest of the consumers. As a result, an agreement entered into by providers of complementary products is unlikely to be bad for welfare.  [2]   According to M.Motta (2004) some of the most common examples of vertical restraints are: Non-linear pricing. Quantity discounts Resale Price Maintenance (RPM) Quantity fixing. Exclusivity clauses EFFICIENCY RATIONALES FOR VERTICAL RESTRAINTS It is recognized that vertical restraints promote non-price competition and improved quality of services. When a firm has no or limited market power it will try to increase its gains by optimizing its processes. According to the EU Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints (2000/ C 291/01) In a number of situations vertical restraints may be helpful in this respect since the usual arms length dealings between supplier and buyer, determining only price and quantity of a certain transaction, can lead to a sub-optimal level of investments and sales. In a business environment producers would usually benefit from strong competition among the retailers. Therefore any restrictions imposed must have as a rationale- efficiency motives. The most common pro-competitive explanations are: Elimination of double marginalization: If a product has to go through many intermediaries before reaching the final consumer, the mark-ups imposed by each on top of the costs may result in excessive pricing. Double marginalization problem can be overcome by vertical integration or through vertical agreements (a looser form) as well as by means of some clauses, such as RPM or two-part tariffs. Another important justification revolves around the free rider problem which is of two-types- rival suppliers and rival distributors. Retailers might have low incentive to invest in services, as these are difficult to fully appropriate. Others may free ride on a full-service retailers effort to increase demand. As a result, without restrictive clauses, there will be under-provision of services, to the detriment of consumers. Secondly, in order to increase the demand, producers may be willing to invest in the retailers services such as training etcà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. However, this incentive would be removed by the possibility that other producers enjoy the positive spillover from this investment. Exclusive dealing can counteract this concern. The hold-up problem. When there are client-specific investments to be made by either the supplier or the buyer, such as in special equipment or training. The investor may not commit the necessary investments before particular supply arrangements are fixed. European Commission. Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints. Brussels. SEC (2010) 411. Alleviation of commitment problem: when a manufacturer holds market power and can sell a specific input to more retailers, it cannot credibly commit not to renegotiate the contract once it has already been signed. Due to this, the manufacturer cannot fully enjoy the market power unless some contractual clauses make the commitment credible. Finally, other efficiency motives of vertical restraints exist such as economies of scale in distribution, reduction in transaction costs, capital market imperfections, increasing brand image, uniformity and quality standardization. In essence, the economically sound presumption is that vertical restraints are efficiency-enhancing, may enhance inter-brand competition or foster the relationship-specific investments and help the development of new markets. In addition, vertical restraints may thus result in a reduction in prices, increase in demand and higher consumer welfare effects. INTERBRAND VERSUS INTRABRAND COMPETITION Generally, when there is substantial market power at the level of the supplier or the buyer even if at both levels, vertical agreements will likely to raise competition concern. It is important at this juncture to make explicit the distinction between interbrand and intrabrand competition. Interbrand competition is between suppliers selling different brands of goods of similar kind. This means interbrand competition takes place within the relevant market. On the other hand, intrabrand competition (including price competition) is between retailers selling the same brand of a product. Interbrand competition, rather than intrabrand competition, is the primary focus of antitrust law  [3]  and the correlation between intrabrand and interbrand competition forms the basis for decisions in respect of the lessening of both. The protection of interbrand and intrabrand becomes vital when there is inadequate interbrand competition. In the Research Handbook on International Competition Law 2012, pg 431, (Dobson, Paul W. Waterson, Michael, 2007) stated that in cases where the interbrand competition in the market is not as strong, intrabrand competition might become more important because intrabrand competition can reintroduce the loss of competitive pressure from other brands. Taking into account intrabrand and interbrand competition is important to determine the impact of vertical restraints on competition. In certain scenario, introducing vertical restraints can be a means to dilute competition upstream between manufacturers that do not compete directly face to face but through their retailers. Furthermore, as interbrand and intrabrand rivalry intensifies, all prices (regardless of supply arrangements) fall towards marginal costs. POTENTIAL HARM TO COMPETITION Whish, R and Bailey, D (2012) outlines four possible negative effects arising from vertical restraints under EU law: Anti-competitive foreclosure of other suppliers or buyers by raising barriers to entry. Softening of competition between the supplier and its competitors and/or facilitation of both explicit and tacit collusion, often referred to as a reduction of interbrand competition. Softening of competition between the buyer and its competitors and/or facilitation of collusion, commonly referred to as a reduction of intra-brand competition between distributors of the same brand. The creation of obstacles to market integration. The above negative effects may result from various vertical restraints. The negative effects on competition will be analyzed mainly concentrating on two groups for the purpose of this assignment. Single branding are those agreements which have as their core the inducement of the buyer to concentrate orders for a particular type of product with one supplier. The four main negative effects on competition and interbrand competition are (1) other suppliers in that market cannot sell to the particular buyers and this may lead to foreclosure of the market or, in the case of tying, to foreclosure of the market for the tied product, (2) it makes market shares more rigid and this may help collusion when applied by several suppliers, (3) as far as the distribution of final goods is concerned, the particular retailers will only sell one brand and there will therefore be no interbrand competition on their shops (no in-store competition) (4) in the case of tying ,the buyer may pay a higher price for the tied product. EU Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints (2000/ C 291/01) Limited distribution is those agreements which have as their core that the manufacturer sells to one or a limited number of buyers. There are three main negative effects on competition: (1) certain buyers within that market can no longer buy from that particular supplier, and this may lead in particular in the case of exclusive supply, to foreclosure of the purchase market, (2) when most or all of the competing suppliers limit the number of retailers, this may facilitate collusion, either at the distributors level or at the suppliers level, and (3) since fewer distributors will offer the product it will also lead to a reduction of intra-brand competition. In the case instance of wide exclusive territories or exclusive customer allocation the result may be total elimination of intra-brand competition. This reduction of intra-brand competition can in turn lead to a weakening of interbrand competition. EU Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints (2000/ C 291/01) Entry deterrence: one of the most obvious concerns is represented by the possibility that vertical restrictions are strategically used to deter entry in either level of the chain, by foreclosing access to inputs or to customers and in the long run they can be used to raise significant barriers to entry if competition is not already substantial. Under Bertrand competition, downstream manufacturers can strategically use some vertical clauses to encourage retailers to behave in a less aggressive way and reap a higher profit. Exclusive arrangements are generally worse for competition than non-exclusive arrangements. In essence, the potential for anticompetitive outcomes depends upon factors such as the market power of the firms involved, the presence of a minimum scale to cover fixed costs, the share of downstream market covered by the restraints and the nature of competition downstream. CONCLUSION The fact that vertical agreements are agreements concluded between companies in a vertical relationship suggests that they can often be regarded as positive. However, economic literatures on vertical restraints have shown both pro and anti-competitive effects. Both price and non-price may either increase or decrease economic welfare: the crucial importance is not the restraints used but the context in which it is used and the goal that it is supposed to achieve. The EU Commission has observed that market structure plays an important role in determining the impact of vertical restraints: The fiercer is interbrand competition, the more likely are the pro-competitive and efficiency effects to outweigh any anti-competitive effects of vertical restraints. Anti-competitive effects are only likely where interbrand competition is weak and there are barriers to entry at either producer or distributor level. In addition it is recognised that contracts in the distribution chain reduce transaction costs, and allow the potential efficiencies in distribution to be realised. In contrast, there are cases where vertical restraints raise barriers to entry or further dampen horizontal competition in oligopolistic markets.  [4]   In addition, EU Regulation 2790/1999 recognized the importance of market power in establishing whether or not vertical restraints can have important anti-competitive effects. As per the OECD: Joint Group on Trade and Competition Paper, the efficiency enhancing effect and benefit to consumers from vertical restraints is likely to dominate with the exception of vertical restraints being used to facilitate collusion, it is highly improbable that such restraints will have net anti-competitive effects unless there is either: market power on at least one level in the market or the restraint, either on its own or in concert with other vertical restraints, has the power to exclude or disadvantage a significant number of competitors anti-competitive effects are only likely where interbrand competition is weak and there are barriers to entry, (d) causing foreclosure of competitors. Accordingly, the approach taken by many competition authorities on vertical restraints is a careful case by case analysis. . BIBLIOGRAPHIES/REFERENCES Niels, G, Jenkins, H and Kavanagh, J.: Economics for Competition Lawyers (Oxford University Press, 2011). Motta, M, Competition Policy: Theory and Practice (Cambridge University Press, 2004) Whish, R and Bailey, D (2012). Competition Law. 7th edn. Oxford University Press. Swedish Competition Authority. 2008. The pros and cons of vertical restraints. ISBN 978-91-88566-44-7 http://www.konkurrensverket.se/upload/Filer/Trycksaker/Rapporter/ProsCons/rap_pros_and_cons_vertical_restraints.pdf [Accessed 10/02/2013] D.Harbord and N-H von der Fehr. The Law and Economics of Vertical Restraints: An Overview. (December 10, 2007) http://www.market-analysis.co.uk/PDF/Reports/Vertical%20Restraints_%2010December07.pdf [Accessed 10/02/2013] V. Verouden, Vertical Agreements: Motivation and Impact, in 3 ISSUES IN COMPETITION LAW AND POLICY 1813 (ABA Section of Antitrust Law 2008). Chapter 72. http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/competition/economist/vertical_agreements.pdf [Accessed 07/02/2013] D. Geradin and C M da Silva Pereira Neto. FOR A RIGOROUS EFFECTS-BASED ANALYSIS OF VERTICAL RESTRAINTS ADOPTED BY DOMINANT FIRMS: AN ANALYSIS OF THE EU AND BRAZILIAN COMPETITION LAW. June 2012 http://www.cedes.org.br/inscricao/pdf/final-study-on-vertical-restraints-final-clean.pdf [Accessed on 05/02/2013] F Lafontaine and M Slade. Exclusive Contracts and Vertical Restraints: Empirical Evidence and Public Policy, (Journal of Economic Literature classification numbers: L42, L81), September 2005. http://www2.warwick.ac.uk/fac/soc/economics/staff/academic/slade/wp/ecsept2005.pdf [Accessed on 05/02/2013] C Berkouk and I Masiero. The evolution of the legal assessment of vertical restraints in European and US antitrust law. Master in Competition and Market Regulation 2010/11. http://www20.gencat.cat/docs/economia/80_ACCO/Documents/Arxius/Tesines%20BGSE/03.evolution_vertical_restraints_us_europe.pdf [Accessed on 05/02/2013] Competition Commission. GUIDELINES FOR MARKET INVESTIGATIONS. Their role, assessment, remedies and procedures, CC3 (Revised). June 2012 http://www.competitioncommission.org.uk/assets/competitioncommission/docs/2012/consultations/market_guidlines_main_text.pdf [Accessed on 02/02/2013] William F. Baxter. The Viability of Vertical Restraints Doctrine, 75 Cal. L. Rev. 933 (1987). http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1939context=californialawreviewsei-redir=1referer=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.sc%2Furl%3Fsa%3Dt%26rct%3Dj%26q%3Dvertical%2Brestraints%2Bcannot%2Bharm%2Bcompetition%2Bbecause%2Bthey%2Bare%2Bagreements%2Bbetween%2Bcomplementary%2Bproducts%26source%3Dweb%26cd%3D39%26cad%3Drja%26ved%3D0CFUQFjAIOB4%26url%3Dhttp%253A%252F%252Fscholarship.law.berkeley.edu%252Fcgi%252Fviewcontent.cgi%253Farticle%253D1939%2526context%253Dcalifornialawreview%26ei%3DgL8YUYMpgamEB9H2gYAG%26usg%3DAFQjCNFXuKgSEABvJvAEdfAFxvC0WBinGg%26bvm%3Dbv.42080656%2Cd.d2k#search=%22vertical%20restraints%20cannot%20harm%20competition%20because%20agreements%20between%20complementary%20products%22 [Accessed on 02/02/2013] Verouden, V. (2003), Vertical agreements and Article 81(1) EC: The evolving role of economic analysis, Antitrust Law Journal, 71: 525-75. http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/40843595?uid=3738968uid=2uid=4sid=21101826877577 [Accessed on 18/02/2013] P Dobson and M Waterson. Vertical restraints and competition policy. (Office of Fair Trading, Research Paper 12, 1996) http://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/reports/comp_policy/oft177.pdf [Accessed on 13/02/2013] Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Joint Group on Trade and Competition. COMPETITION AND TRADE EFFECTS OF VERTICAL RESTRAINTS. COM/DAFFE/CLP/TD(99)54 http://search.oecd.org/officialdocuments/displaydocumentpdf/?doclanguage=encote=com/daffe/clp/td(99)54 [Accessed on 13/02/2013] G Tan. The Economic Theory of Vertical Restraints. (Report prepared for the Competition Bureau, Canada). Department of Economics, University of British Columbia. October 9, 2001. http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~guofutan/research/vertical.pdf [Accessed on 13/02/2013] Ezrachi. A. Research Handbook on International Competition Law. (2012). Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978 085793 4796. http://books.google.sc/books?id=mH5tU2g_-cgCpg=PA431lpg=PA431dq=the+importance+of+the+distinction+between+interbrand+and+intrabrand+competitionsource=blots=iaL78pSpGfsig=iEpLZdBweIkVyzI-GPvhRk-gpbQhl=crssa=Xei=6hFIUcq8F8T1sgajpIDIBAved=0CDMQ6AEwAg#v=onepageq=the%20importance%20of%20the%20distinction%20between%20interbrand%20and%20intrabrand%20competitionf=false [Accessed on 19/03/2012] Odie Strydom, Intrabrand competitive analysis in South Africa: Get the economics right http://www.compcom.co.za/assets/Uploads/events/10-year-review/parallel-4b/Odie-Strydom-Competition-Conference.pdf [Accessed on 19/03/2012] Glynn, D (2012). Vertical Restraints and Cartel. Postgraduate Diploma/Masters in Economics for Competition Law, 2012/13, Kings College London. Rey, P and Verge, T. The Economics of Vertical Restraints. (Paper prepared for the conference on Advances of the Economics of Competition Law in Rome). March 2005 http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/verge/Verticals.pdf. [Accessed on 13/02/2013] European Commission. Commission Notice: Guidelines on Vertical Restraints. Brussels. SEC (2010) 411. http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/legislation/guidelines_vertical_en.pdf. [Accessed on 13/02/2013] Official Journal of the European Communities. (Information). COMMISSION. COMMISSION NOTICE. Guidelines on Vertical Restraints. (2000/C 291/01) http://www.hartpub.co.uk/updates/Korah/vert-restr.pdf [Accessed on 13/02/2013] Massey, P.COMPETITION AUTHORITY. DISCUSSION PAPER No. 4. The Treatment of Vertical Restraints under Competition Law. May 1998. http://www.tca.ie/images/uploaded/documents/Discussion_Paper_4.pdf [Accessed on 15/02/2013] Vertical Restraints and Vertical Mergers. Chapter 6. February 14, 2003. http://www.mef.gub.uy/competencia/documentos/cap6.pdf [Accessed on 15/02/2013] Green Paper on Vertical Restraints in EC Competition Policy. http://europa.eu/documents/comm/green_papers/pdf/com96_721_en.pdf [Accessed on 15/02/2013] Raychaudhuri, T. Vertical Restraints in Competition Law: The need to strike the right balance between regulation and competition. NUJS Law Review. 4 NUJS L. Rev.609 (2011). October December 2011. http://www.manupatra.co.in/newsline/articles/Upload/6097B1F7-1176-43FB-9769-431909913298.pdf [Accessed on 15/02/2013]

Sir Gawain Preparing Himself and His Neck :: Arthurian Legands English Literature Essays

Sir Gawain Preparing Himself and His Neck Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an anonymous fourteenth-century poet, describes the Arthurian legend about the Green Knight’s game with Sir Gawain. Now almost a year passes since the Green Knight has started a friendly challenge of a blow for a blow. And it is time for Sir Gawain to prepare and to meet the Green Knight to receive his strike. Sir Gawain sees how the people around him care for him and wish he didn’t have to go. He probably feels that the first part of the game wasn’t completely fair, because the beheaded Green Knight survived what a mortal man cannot. Nevertheless, Sir Gawain acts like a true honorable knight and decides to face his destiny: 'Why should I tarry?' And smiled with tranquil eye; 'In destinies sad or merry, True men can but try.' (Norton 561 - 565) Click here to listen to this monologue Realizing that he is just human and is predestined for a test he isn’t fully aware of, the only thing he can do is to do his best and not worry about the outcome. Sir Gawain decides to fully prepare himself for this ordeal and goes alone to pray humbly to G-d. He feels very humbled now, more than before when he was willing to take the Green Knight’s challenge after Arthur had already accepted it. Now he realizes that what seemed like a sure thing doesn’t always turn out that way and that he has to take responsibility for his actions. Sir Gawain prepares for the journey and takes his favorite horse, Gringolet, with him. Gringolet is his special horse, and for this special occasion, he is honored with many golden fringes everywhere, perhaps for Gawain to feel more angelic as he leaves his life behind: By then Gringolet was grit with saddle That was gaily agleam with fine gilt fringe, New-furbished for the need with nail-heads bright; The bridle and the bars bedecked all with gold. (Norton, 597 - 600) His horse is his only companion on his long way to the Green Chapel.

Comparative Study Between Ulysess and My Last Duchess Essay

Have a little read: †¦ Comparing ‘Ulysses’ by Lord Tennyson and ‘My Last Duchess’ by Robert Browning. â€Å"Ulysses† was written by Lord Tennyson and is a poem about a mythical Greek character and is a dramatic monologue. Another poem that is a dramatic monologue is â€Å"My Last Duchess†, by Robert Browning. Both poems are similar, for example they are both structured similarly, and are both different, one difference being their subject. In this essay I will compare the two poems, focusing on form, and how language helps to build up subject matter. Ulysses is a Greek mythical character, and was famous for being a pirate, ransacking villages and being a warrior. In Greek literature, Ulysses just seemed to disappear after he got home, and Tennyson decided to write about Ulysses and his thoughts after ‘retiring’ from fighting. The poem is written in verse, and seems to be either a dramatic monologue or monologue interior. It is hard to know which one, as a dramatic monologue must have a listener (other than the audience. Ulysses is talking to someone, his dead soldiers, but as they are deceased it is difficult to decide if they count as a listener to the poem. My Last Duchess† by Robert Browning was written in the same era as â€Å"Ulysses† and is written in Verse. This poem is different to â€Å"Ulysses† as this poem is about a fictional character which is created by Browning. This is a Dramatic Monologue, as the duke (the character created by Browning) is talking to the servant of the father of a possible bride. To create the effect of speech, Browning uses Iambic Pentameter, which helps to imitate the rhythm of conversational speech, and enjambment frequently. The use of language to present the subject matter is important for both poets. In Ulysses, the poet builds up a picture of the characters inactiveness by using words such as â€Å"still†, â€Å"dull† and â€Å"pause†. These adjectives create an understanding of what life is like for Ulysses, and this is then contrasted with words of his past such as â€Å"roaming†, â€Å"ringing† and â€Å"windy†. These words create a contrast between the activeness of the past, and the stillness of the present. This helps the reader imagine what life was like for the character when he was young.

House of Leaves

China, IL, I would like to hear more about Zampano and Johnny’s mother being the same. What did you talk about in your class? I agree with most of the contributors here that there is a lot of evidence in favor of Zampano and Johnny being the same person, although even the examples themselves (including mine, below) don’t really give much away as a result of the complicated narrative structure. In my class, my professor draws a diagram every day with concentric circles, the space between each pair of circles representing a different narrator dictating the actions of the narrator within his narrative, and so on. For example, The Navidson Record is in the center, Zampano encircles The N. R. , Zampano’s reading assistants/volunteers encircle Zampano, Truant encircles Zampano’s readers, and the Editors encircle Truant. This doesn’t even include Johnny’s mother, another potential author. To make a long story very short, anybody could have written anything, and the â€Å"errors† and â€Å"typos† don’t help—they make it even more confusing. Take for instance page 320. Near the top, in the second paragraph, Zampano writes, â€Å"Regrettably, Tom fails to stop at a sip. A few hours later he has finished off the whole fifth as well as half a bottle of wine. He might have spent all night drinking had exhaustion not caught up with me. † This should read â€Å"caught up with him† but instead suddenly switches to the first person. This could mean several things: 1) Zampano made a Freudian slip and referred to himself here even though he didn’t drink 2) Johnny has been writing the Navidson Record all along and slipped (it would make more sense since he, like Tom, depends on drugs and alcohol to function) 3) Johnny did it intentionally just to screw with us 4) (and this is a stretch) Maybe they’re Navidson’s words. If Navidson was real, it would make sense that he would make an error because the subject of Tom is so painful to him What do other people think?

Free Essays on The Works Of Flannery O’ Conner

The Works of Flannery O’ Conner As People we must first feel comfortable with all aspects of ourselves because if we don’t someone or something will always be there to exploit our weaknesses. Situations are not always as they seem. Several of the characters in Flannery O’ Conner’s works entitled â€Å"A Good man is Hard to find† and â€Å"Good Country People† proves this to be so because they have had their lives ripped apart by acts of evil. â€Å"Good Country People† is a story about Joy Hopewell a well educated young lady who lived in the south. Joy lost her leg in a hunting accident when she was ten years old. As a result of losing her leg Joy had to have it replaced with a wooden one. Joy also suffered from a weak heart. Joy was the type of person who had very low self esteem. Her handicap made her feel ugly. Because she felt ugly she decided to change her name to suit he ugliness which was Hulga. One day a bible salesman named Manley Pointer was making a sales call to Joy’s family’s home and ended up having dinner with them. Manley started liking Joy and asked her if she would meet him the next night, and she agreed. They met in the loft of a barn and started talking about how Joy had lost her leg. Joy relished the attention that Mr. Pointer was giving her and decided to humor him by taking her leg off. Manley turns out to be a clever man who only wanted to have sex with Joy. When joy finally r ealized what was going on Manley had stolen her leg and left . Joy was left there helplessly. The story entitled â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to find† is about a grandmother who tries to warn her son about going on vacation because there is a convict, known as the Misfit, on the loose. At first the grandmother appears to be a nagging old lady. The grandmother decides to go on vacation anyway and she took her cat with her. While driving down the highway the grandmother was bored and started telling stories about a place in which ... Free Essays on The Works Of Flannery O’ Conner Free Essays on The Works Of Flannery O’ Conner The Works of Flannery O’ Conner As People we must first feel comfortable with all aspects of ourselves because if we don’t someone or something will always be there to exploit our weaknesses. Situations are not always as they seem. Several of the characters in Flannery O’ Conner’s works entitled â€Å"A Good man is Hard to find† and â€Å"Good Country People† proves this to be so because they have had their lives ripped apart by acts of evil. â€Å"Good Country People† is a story about Joy Hopewell a well educated young lady who lived in the south. Joy lost her leg in a hunting accident when she was ten years old. As a result of losing her leg Joy had to have it replaced with a wooden one. Joy also suffered from a weak heart. Joy was the type of person who had very low self esteem. Her handicap made her feel ugly. Because she felt ugly she decided to change her name to suit he ugliness which was Hulga. One day a bible salesman named Manley Pointer was making a sales call to Joy’s family’s home and ended up having dinner with them. Manley started liking Joy and asked her if she would meet him the next night, and she agreed. They met in the loft of a barn and started talking about how Joy had lost her leg. Joy relished the attention that Mr. Pointer was giving her and decided to humor him by taking her leg off. Manley turns out to be a clever man who only wanted to have sex with Joy. When joy finally r ealized what was going on Manley had stolen her leg and left . Joy was left there helplessly. The story entitled â€Å"A Good Man is Hard to find† is about a grandmother who tries to warn her son about going on vacation because there is a convict, known as the Misfit, on the loose. At first the grandmother appears to be a nagging old lady. The grandmother decides to go on vacation anyway and she took her cat with her. While driving down the highway the grandmother was bored and started telling stories about a place in which ...

The Renaissance and Change essays

The Renaissance and Change essays History shows us that we are always taking transitions and making changes. The renaissance is no exception. People began to act in a different manor, they began to study human habits and patterns. And acknowledged 'self-conscious awareness?. The renaissance was a time of re-birth. During this time of identity change, people began to put a real emphasis on material objects, and decorations. Surprisingly the church was the biggest influence in this new trend. Cathedrals were decorated from floor to ceiling with intricate murals and carvings. This is an example of 'secularism?. People soon began to take it a bit farther than decorations. And began to focus on how they and their positions appeared, rather than their devotion and spiritual being. People began to utilize the 'secular-spirit? Individualism is the development of one's traits and capabilities. But people began to Brag and show off rather than express one's Individual self. Renaissance artwork is a great example of secularism and individualism. Artist strove to make their paintings more realistic. Medieval art was flat. They didn't use such a broad range of colors, the lines were rather strait and the depth perception is all off. During the Renaissance artist like Michelangelo and DaVinchi experimented with light and rich colors, depth and curvilinear lines. Rich people would hire artist like Michelangelo and DaVinchi to paint murals in their houses. The paintings were usually of the owner doing an admirable deed or in the place of a biblical character. The artist was often paid more for glorifying the event. They would make the owner of the house more handsome, more muscular or make his action into a bigger deal. People did this so that visitors would be impressed or even intimidated at the families presence. Niccolo Machiavelli was a famous writer. His most famous work was The Prince. It is a book that focuses on politics and human nature. Machiavelli believ...

Basketball Essay Research Paper BasketballBasketball is a

Basketball Essay, Research Paper Basketball Basketball is a great game that is one of the most popular in America. In this athletics you have to hold good purpose to hit, good jumping accomplishments to bounce, you have to be speedy, and besides have good ball managing accomplishments. In a existent game there are merely five participants on the tribunal, referees, foul outs, and regulations like no running with the ball, no fouling, out of bounds and no running over the other squads participants on discourtesy. I truly bask playing this game and I pattern a batch outside on my tribunal and drama for P.A.L in the winter. I think I am a pretty good participant and dream of playing for the NBA one twenty-four hours. Following twelvemonth I # 8217 ; m traveling to drama varsity for our school alternatively of wrestle and seek my best to assist the squad win. If I try truly difficult and pattern everyday I could be an highly good participant. I normally play with my friends after school for merriment or merely to drama about and hold a good clip, pattern on my ain to pattern things I need work on, or pattern with my pa and allow him give me some arrows. I love watching hoops games on Television and normally watch the Knicks drama. Out of all of the 28 squads in the NBA my favourite squads from best to least favourites are the New York Knicks with Patrick Ewing, Larry Johnson, John Starks, Charlie Ward, Chris Childs, Charles Oakly, and Allen Houston. Then I like the Charlotte Hornets with Anthony Mason, Tyrone Bouges, Glenn Rice, Gladie Divac, and Curry. My 3rd favourite squad is the Seattle Super Sonics with Shawn Kemp, Gary Payton, Schremph, and Perdue. My 4th and concluding favourite squad is the Orlando Magic with my favourite participant Anfernee Hardaway, Horris Grant, and Nick Anderson. My three favourite participants in the NBA are: 1 ) Anfernee Hardaway/ moniker: # 8220 ; Penny # 8221 ; 2 ) Larry Johnson/nickname: # 8220 ; Grandma # 8221 ; 3 ) Shawn Kemp/nickname: # 8220 ; Rainman # 8221 ; These participants have a batch of endowment and I enjoy watching them drama. For case Anfernee is a leader for the squad and has good base on ballss, good dribble, and good shot accomplishments. While Larry Johnson has good rebounding, reasonably good shot, and good dunking accomplishments. Last but non least Shawn Kemp who has great rebounding and dramatic dunking accomplishments including fancy stuff shots and great allyoops. I think hoops is a great athletics and that it will go on to be popular athletics for a really really long clip and that many states will play. As long as you try and pattern you can be a great participant and rule the tribunal. It besides helps if you # 8217 ; re large so you can acquire recoils and stuff shot but if you are smaller you can still be an first-class dribbler and shot and be a guard alternatively of the large centre in the center. To sum it all up hoops is a great athletics that uses a batch of different accomplishments so that everyone can seek to play.

Colonial America's Most Wanted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Colonial America's Most Wanted - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that slaves had a tendency to run away from their masters if they got a chance. In order to recapture escaped slaves, their masters would advertise details relating to the slave in highly descriptive forms so that they slaves could be captured and returned. The bounty for the slaves depended on the distance from their master’s property and how much the master valued a particular slave. Similarly, people who captured slaves would also advertise to return slaves to their owners in order to get rewarded. The runaway slave advertisements were often very descriptive. These details can be utilised to surmise historical facts from these advertisements. Various compilations of these advertisements exist but perhaps the most famous one are those compiled from various Virginia newspapers during the 18th and 19th centuries. Subtle differences exist between runaway slave advertisements from various regions and periods as well as from various new spapers. These differences can be used to elucidate differing attitudes and functions of slaves and slave owners around the United States. Evidence is referenced here and comparisons have been drawn in order to highlight regional variations in slavery and servitude in colonial America. After going through a number of advertisements for runaway slaves, the first thing to notice is that slaves could be other than African American too. There are references to native Indian, partially Spanish and other ethnic slaves who had escaped too. (Radford University) Reference may be made here to an advertisement in The Boston Newsletter dated July 23rd, 1716 for â€Å"an Indian named Min†. Similarly, another advertisement from The New York Gazette dated to October 2nd, 1749 concerns â€Å"a Spanish Mulatto fellow named George†. However, another thing to notice is the fact that slaves with ethnicities other than African American are more distinctly available in the coastal strips of the United States. Furthermore, other than regularly captured and sold out slaves from African jungles, certain slaves were previously free men. The previous advertisement for the Spanish man declares that he was previously a privateer. (Radford University) Again the slaves found in the south and Middle America regions were distinctly slaves for generations and were African American in ethnicity. These free men turned slaves are more distinctly noticeable in coastal American states especially New York and Boston that served as major harbours. Demographic differences also exist in the usage of slaves from state to state. While the plantation owners used slaves largely for tending to the crop and other such affairs, the slaves in the more urbanised backgrounds were house hold helpers. The slaves who helped out on farms were diverse in terms of their professions. While it is believed that most slaves on plantations were merely farm labourers, but slaves were employed elsewhere as well . There are advertisements for black smiths, chimney sweepers, wood workers, shoe makers etc. One such example is of an advertisement placed in The New York Gazette on September 25th, 1749 relating a runaway slave who â€Å"is a chimney sweeper†. Another similar example comes from an advertisement in The American Weekly Mercury on October 16th, 1729 where a runaway slave with the name of Mulato John is declared to be a â€Å"Shipwright by Trade†. In comparison, most runaway slave advertisements from the urban centres were for house workers. (Radford University) In terms of gender, most of the household slaves were young females. Most advertisements point to this fact. On such advertisement from The New York Gazette from November 13th, 1732 is about a slave girl named Sarah aged 24 years working in a home. Another advertiseme

Proposal of master project in The differences in the Quality of life Essay

Proposal of master project in The differences in the Quality of life of young old,vs mid-old, vs old-old - Essay Example The 2001 census proved that for the first time there were more people over 60 than under 16 (Dean 2003, p.1). While, the above mentioned statistics can be one of the greatest advantage of the over all improvement in the twentieth centaury, it puts forward immense challenges for the new generation. The existing social and cultural trends make it beyond doubts that older people are mostly bound to stay confined between the four walls in most cases. In a methodological study by John baldock and Jan Hadlow has examined the process of aging from within. The results showed that the old age is indeed a time of ‘identity work’ in which people search for ways to sustain their self-images and to link their present existences to their previous lives (2002). Age-related reduction in muscle strength and power, cardiovascular function and neuromuscular response times, all contribute to the declining physical ability with age Activity and exercise improve health status, muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and reduce fracture risk as well as improving quality of life. Increasing habitual exercise can assist older people in maintaining functional performance (Rajeski W& Mihalko S 2001). Such type of a circumstantial environment is of at most important as the common themes concerning the quality of life, mentioned by participants as important, were concerns with regards to the conditions associated with health, family and home (Kenealy and Beaumont 2003). The quality of life changes along with the deference in the quality of diet as explained by Stephen Burk when he said that meals are not just about refueling, but can really improve someones quality of life (2005). The above mentioned studies have highlighted the variation between the qualities of lives in different age groups. The researchers have been successful in determining the relevance of belief to well-being in later life, and the need for secular welfare organizations to be more prepared to work with

The narrative section of a companys annual report provides users with Essay

The narrative section of a companys annual report provides users with useful information on the companys performance and prospects - Essay Example Thus, a quality narrative report about a company is extremely essential for sound assessments and evaluation; it creates a platform for the organization to be evaluated when on matters that deal with corporate governance and company performance. Corporate governance is always deemed to improve the organization’s long tern outcomes. Narrative reporting has a number of significances to the firm, shareholders, potential customers, lenders and investors. To start with, a narrative report is deemed as a document for the potential investors and lenders. An accurately prepared narrative report provides the organization with a document that can be presented to the lenders and investors who have expressed their interest in the company’s business or even potential stakeholders that can be approached for funding. Thus, preparing an objective and clear narrative report for the purposes other than evaluation of the firm’s general progress is useful as it can be presented to other parties outside the organization. Secondly, a narrative report is useful since it enables the company to reflect on the direction a business has taken in both previous and present years. A number of questions and comparisons must be drawn so as the report can cover or rather answer many of the questions being asked by the organization or the public. The way this information is presented, it must be easily understood by both the members of the organization and the public in order to communicate its intentions (Yeoh, 2010). In addition, a narrative report that has a snapshot of the organization’s capabilities trend that traces all the transactions or activities in previous years. Thus, this document will provide useful information that can act as proof whether the company has always been operating within the affordable or sustainable margins that earn it reasonable profits (Anderson, 1981). Furthermore, a narration report that includes

Taking a degree on Educational Technology Assignment

Taking a degree on Educational Technology - Assignment Example With a degree in the subject, I would be able to benefit from different opportunities because facilities such as universities, libraries, and schools in my country are constantly searching for members who are qualified in this particular field (Reisner & Dempsey, 2012). How will you prepare for the interview? What will you present to the interviewer in order to get this position? What is your confidence level about getting this job? How will you do to convince the interviewer that you will be able compete with those who also apply for this position? Discuss in depth. In the event that I was informed about a vacancy, I would first research into the company or firm offering the job. I would then come up with a format which would allow me to stand out among other candidates in the forthcoming interview. I would also study my body language, in order to correct any unintentional postures that do not convey confidence. During the interview, I would also ask a few questions of my own in order to signify interest in the job available while also learning more about what my responsibilities would be. To gain the attention of the interviewer, I would seek to demonstrate my understanding of the job’s requirements as well as my knowledge of the company to the interviewer. I would also provide practical examples of how I would undertake different responsibilities in order to meet the organization’s objectives. If there were any duties of the job I was applying for that I did not understand, I would seek to discuss with an interviewer a task that is similar to that I do not well understand which I had performed in the recent past, and stress on my tendency to be able to learn things quickly and on the job. I would seek to demonstrate my understanding of the tasks that the job requires instead of talking about how much I know. As I am well able to multitask, I would seek to demonstrate this to the interviewer

Literature Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literature Comparison - Essay Example The charismatic leader must base his or her aura and exceptional 'gifts' on the emotional appeal of their followers. The charismatic leader can see a clear vision and stimulates the follower to follow it and become just as elevated as the leader. Negative aspects of the charismatic leader may include streaks of narcissism, self-aggrandizement, and a forced or contrived distance from followers, all in the efforts of maintaining hero status. Miller contrasts the charismatic leader with the transformational, or transforming leader as expounded by Burns, but importantly expanded with Boulding's theory of love. Burns theory defines the transformational leader as one who basically seeks to convert followers into leaders and into moral agents. Boulding’s identifies love as a type of power. There is no power outside of human valuation. Power integrates human valuation within organizations, and 'the most fundamental form of integrative power is the power of love' (p, 184) There is no c ompetitive, opposing, or abusive force in Boulding's concept of power. Merged into Burn’s view, love becomes the integrator and the enabling force allowing the transforming leader to empower the follower by letting them have and pursue their own vision, and to enable a dimension of mutual interaction where both leader and follower are being transformed. The leader is able to see that the followers’ visions can align with that of the organization in a cooperative and sharing way. Leaders in this way learn from followers just as followers learn from leaders. Whereas the charismatic leader must seek agreement and commitment from followers as to a certain vision he or she is credited with having, the transforming leader offers a context for sharing and participation in the process of vision making. Weiner’s shapes a picture of the transformational leader as one who is more combative and confrontational. Importantly it is based on the theories of educator Paulo Freir e. Freire pursued his theories from a personal knowledge of poverty and hunger and essentially sought to make structural changes in the way education was being delivered to the poor. Weiner portrays the leader as doing â€Å"oppositional work† but working within the cultural hegemony as theorized by Antonio Gramsci. Gramsi refined Marxism to recognize that there was a civil society that was accepted by most people. This society had values and beliefs that formed a hegemony. Gramsi believed that this cultural hegemony could be changed from the inside, gradually, without a violent overthrow. This was basically Friere’s belief, that he could educate the poor and that they themselves could bring structural change upon society. Weiner writes as if teachers are continuously battling neoliberal and right wing ideology. But he accepts Freire’s message as one of social justice and democracy. Freire dedicated his life to serving the poor. Through his example Weiner is abl e to define the transformational leader as an activist one who is dedicated to change but who, importantly, works within the â€Å"dominant structures of power and authority† to serve the poor (p. 91). Today we can ask ourselves what kinds of leaders are appropriate in a world that has just experienced a great economic recession and the wants and needs of the poor and have-nots have become more sharp and bare? Miller noted the charismatic corporation heads who seem to continuously highlight themselves today,

The narrative section of a companys annual report provides users with Essay

The narrative section of a companys annual report provides users with useful information on the companys performance and prospects - Essay Example Thus, a quality narrative report about a company is extremely essential for sound assessments and evaluation; it creates a platform for the organization to be evaluated when on matters that deal with corporate governance and company performance. Corporate governance is always deemed to improve the organization’s long tern outcomes. Narrative reporting has a number of significances to the firm, shareholders, potential customers, lenders and investors. To start with, a narrative report is deemed as a document for the potential investors and lenders. An accurately prepared narrative report provides the organization with a document that can be presented to the lenders and investors who have expressed their interest in the company’s business or even potential stakeholders that can be approached for funding. Thus, preparing an objective and clear narrative report for the purposes other than evaluation of the firm’s general progress is useful as it can be presented to other parties outside the organization. Secondly, a narrative report is useful since it enables the company to reflect on the direction a business has taken in both previous and present years. A number of questions and comparisons must be drawn so as the report can cover or rather answer many of the questions being asked by the organization or the public. The way this information is presented, it must be easily understood by both the members of the organization and the public in order to communicate its intentions (Yeoh, 2010). In addition, a narrative report that has a snapshot of the organization’s capabilities trend that traces all the transactions or activities in previous years. Thus, this document will provide useful information that can act as proof whether the company has always been operating within the affordable or sustainable margins that earn it reasonable profits (Anderson, 1981). Furthermore, a narration report that includes

Literature Comparison Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Literature Comparison - Essay Example The charismatic leader must base his or her aura and exceptional 'gifts' on the emotional appeal of their followers. The charismatic leader can see a clear vision and stimulates the follower to follow it and become just as elevated as the leader. Negative aspects of the charismatic leader may include streaks of narcissism, self-aggrandizement, and a forced or contrived distance from followers, all in the efforts of maintaining hero status. Miller contrasts the charismatic leader with the transformational, or transforming leader as expounded by Burns, but importantly expanded with Boulding's theory of love. Burns theory defines the transformational leader as one who basically seeks to convert followers into leaders and into moral agents. Boulding’s identifies love as a type of power. There is no power outside of human valuation. Power integrates human valuation within organizations, and 'the most fundamental form of integrative power is the power of love' (p, 184) There is no c ompetitive, opposing, or abusive force in Boulding's concept of power. Merged into Burn’s view, love becomes the integrator and the enabling force allowing the transforming leader to empower the follower by letting them have and pursue their own vision, and to enable a dimension of mutual interaction where both leader and follower are being transformed. The leader is able to see that the followers’ visions can align with that of the organization in a cooperative and sharing way. Leaders in this way learn from followers just as followers learn from leaders. Whereas the charismatic leader must seek agreement and commitment from followers as to a certain vision he or she is credited with having, the transforming leader offers a context for sharing and participation in the process of vision making. Weiner’s shapes a picture of the transformational leader as one who is more combative and confrontational. Importantly it is based on the theories of educator Paulo Freir e. Freire pursued his theories from a personal knowledge of poverty and hunger and essentially sought to make structural changes in the way education was being delivered to the poor. Weiner portrays the leader as doing â€Å"oppositional work† but working within the cultural hegemony as theorized by Antonio Gramsci. Gramsi refined Marxism to recognize that there was a civil society that was accepted by most people. This society had values and beliefs that formed a hegemony. Gramsi believed that this cultural hegemony could be changed from the inside, gradually, without a violent overthrow. This was basically Friere’s belief, that he could educate the poor and that they themselves could bring structural change upon society. Weiner writes as if teachers are continuously battling neoliberal and right wing ideology. But he accepts Freire’s message as one of social justice and democracy. Freire dedicated his life to serving the poor. Through his example Weiner is abl e to define the transformational leader as an activist one who is dedicated to change but who, importantly, works within the â€Å"dominant structures of power and authority† to serve the poor (p. 91). Today we can ask ourselves what kinds of leaders are appropriate in a world that has just experienced a great economic recession and the wants and needs of the poor and have-nots have become more sharp and bare? Miller noted the charismatic corporation heads who seem to continuously highlight themselves today,

Saxenian’s Argument Essay Example for Free

Saxenian’s Argument Essay Saxenian conducted a comparative study of two regions that focused on electronic industry; Silicon Valley and Route 128. Between these two, reports showed that as of 1990, Silicon Valley emerged as more competitive and successful than Route 128. Saxenian conducted interviews in the area and found out that the employee mobility in Silicon Valley was higher. To argue that such mobility is the reason why Silicon Valley succeeds was something that defies the common knowledge and principles of economics. Such action would inevitably lead to a leakage of information across different organizations and might affect competition. When one company get holds of the other company’s innovative knowledge, they would apply the knowledge to their own company or use it towards their own advantage. Another observation that was made by Saxenian was the prevalence of collaboration in their network-based system and the promotion of â€Å"open-markets that encourage competition and entrepreneurship†. Through network-based system, knowledge was spread horizontally. The presence of new organizations or corporations are welcomed and supported. On the other hand, in Route 128 wherein companies are integrated to the point that competition becomes limited to the largest firms. Knowledge and authority â€Å"flows vertically† or stay within the firm. Nonetheless, through the development of the internet and other telecommunication technology, Saxonian’s argument no longer holds for a similar comparison today. The internet permits employees and employers among different firms or agencies to communicate. Cluster networks in a particular regional economy can communicate or exchange information with firms or companies abroad. Knowledge is retrieved more promptly and more accurately today through internet search engines. Job hopping or employee mobility was not a major factor today than before since information are more readily available than 20 years ago.

Background Of IHRM In China

Background Of IHRM In China In the 21st century, HR managers have to meet new challenges. The economy and markets are varied from those of a decade ago. As patterns have modified, the characteristics influencing International Human Resource Management (IHRM) are also changed due to the unfavorable effects of the rising internationalization of all industries particularly to the ones that functions worldwide (Briscoe and Schuler, 2009). Such organizations must build up effective structures and operates in order to keep up to pace with significance, modern trends and policies. The capability of a business to stay in substantial era of time in the industry where it belongs is one measure of its accomplishment. With the recent globalization, every business must operate more successfully in order to sustain with the higher needs of customers and to go with the current of the dynamics of global business competition (Brewster. and Vernon, 2007). Actually, the internationalization of businesses resulted in the developin g application of expatriates to manage growing numbers of global operations. Therefore, a complete acknowledgement of organizational labor force and progress of organizational systems and procedures that will allow people to add value within a larger organizational unit is required. (Brewster. and Vernon, 2007) 1.1 Aim/Purpose of the Paper The purpose of this paper is to discuss the approaches and challenges of International Human Resource Management (IHRM) in the international environment (China) while operating in diverse cultures by identifying the current issues in IHRM to set the future directions. 1.2 Background of IHRM in China With the passage of time there is an increase in the complexity of workforce management in China. There are many factors associated with the growth of human resource management profession and one of the main factors of the attitude of the workforce and the people towards work, changes in the laws that deal with employment-related issues and various sociological trends (Kidd, 2006). The human resources in the Chinese organizations now recognize the importance of the relationship that exists between strategy, technology, people and the main processes that are able to make the organizations more successful. Although there are many organizations in china that have realized the importance but still the progress in the field of HR has been rather slow. (Kidd, 2006) In the older times it has been seen that most important principles of the human resources were used. Human resources have been used in the older times when the tribal leaders were to be selected. The selection process included the recording of the related knowledge and passing this knowledge on to the other tribal people as the knowledge was composed on the information about the safety, hunting, health, and gathering. Advancements in the human resources were seen between 1000 B.C to 2000 B.C. Chinese are the pioneers in using employee screening techniques that started in 1115 B.C. (Kidd, 2006) Since the field of HRM started in china many names have been given to the field. Some of the important names that have been given to the HRM field include personnel relations, industrial relations, employee relations and human resources. Human resources among all other names have been considered as the most suitable name (Richter, 2006). I strongly believe that human resources are the most apt name for it. This is the word that shows that for an organization, human capital is the most important. (Evans and Pucik, 2002) In 1979, Open Door Policy was adopted by China and this is the policy that has been seen as a potential growth forum for the industries in china. There has been a great opening of the markets that has brought in many opportunities for the Chinese but with this many issues and for the foreign enterprises. China has been known for its unique political, economic and cultural environment that makes it hard for the foreign organizations having businesses in China to manage their employees in China. Thereby there are many cross cultural implications for the international business in china as there are issues to be faced in designing and implementing the management training programs. With this the researchers have argued that there is a need of more studies and research on the development of management principles in China. Most of the research has been conducted on the human resources and the practices that have been followed and a very limited concentration has been focused on management d evelopment. (Budhwar, 2004) There has been an increase in the foreign investment in china in the last twenty years. Since the year 1978 there has been a 9% increase in the Chinese economic growth (Budhwar, 2004). In 1996, the economists have reported that the growth in GDP was 9.7%. In the first fiscal months of 1996, the foreign investments were on an average US$7.74 billion. In the year of 1995, china stood second among the countries that attracted foreign investments while the first position was held by USA, having a 42% share of investments made in Asian countries. (Budhwar, 2004) China is seen to be modernizing as there is a large scale reformation in the industrial enterprises so that the problems that are being faced by the industries are solved (Smith, 2005). The changes that have been incorporated in the industries include an increased entrepreneurial autonomy, an increase in the private and rural enterprises, increase in foreign direct investment, an increase in the volumes exported to the developed world, an increase in globalization that has caused an increase in the competition that has led to an increase in business with international market. (William, 2007) Major changes have been seen in china after the increase in joint ventures as these are the ventures that have asked for increased improvement and better performance. But there has been a resistance in changing the ongoing business scenario thus there has been avoidance in the manager level responsibility (Dowling, 2009). There has been an increase in the pressure created by international managers that makes Chinese managers adopt a defensive stance. Thereby there is a need to acknowledge the Chinese system of industrial governance as this is the system that can help in the explanation of the behaviors of the managers that has been shaped by a long gone dependency culture. Here an important example is that of china where a small defensive mode adopted to avoid a single responsibility is defined as collective irresponsibility. This is regarded as a form of a defensive mechanism that is up taken by the managers (Smith, 2005). If there are increased pressures from the international mana gers in case of joint ventures than there are further changes in the local management. In this case it has been realized that important roles are played by providing the managers benefits that include employment and job security and social benefits that are inclusive of health care and housing. (Richter, 2006) In addition to this it has been seen that there has been an existence of the pre-industrial behavior that reflect deference towards hierarchy. These are the kinds of behaviors and attitudes that support a general acceptance towards authoritarian state socialism. This is the situation that can be compared with the communists who have been successful in preserving their cultural values as these values have been seen to be reliable while giving up on the values that have been threatening and harmful. Thereby from here it can be seen that the system is overly dominated on the industrialization and it has caused a great change in the economies, and resources. (William, 2007) There has been a shortage of managerial competence in China and one of the main causes is the systematic industrialization in china. From here it can be deduced that in the changing world of competing markets and increased competition there is a need that the managers in china have more skills in the competitive environment (Dowling, 2009). On the other hand it has been seen that the countries that suffers from the shortage of skilled managers can lag behind in development of better management that is also because of the reason that there are barriers to train managers for better skills. 2.0 Key Human Resource (HR) Practices in China The dramatic reforms in the Chinese economy have immensely influenced the role of the manager in Chinese community. The managers function is altering from a focus mostly on people-problems towards the need for knowledge of the market, financial management and thinking tactically to support competition and cope with joint ventures (Dowling, 2009). As a result, such reforms have generated questions about Chinese managers aptitudes to cope with competition, insecurity, volatility and increased independence. The localization of the administration group in the overseas-invested businesses, due to the cost reasons, puts strong needs on the universal management progress of local managers and experts. (Brewster. and Vernon, 2007) Management in contemporary China is argued to be described as an exact science with an evident and definable understanding base, with a collection of quantitative and operational techniques with general applicability connected to specialized functional expertise (Hutchings, 2006). This is maintained by the proof of a knowledge-based program for trainee managers where an excellent deal of stress is placed on the conventional numbers-oriented (difficult) subjects and far less time is spent on individuals-oriented (easy) subjects. Behind this approach are three problems- professional context, custom and ideology all uniting to dictate this particularly Chinese understanding of the hypothesis and practice of management? Management growth within the conventional educational system is defined as: supporting the more didactic, educator-centered teaching techniques; a focus on hypothesis rather than on experience with little contact with the broader industrial society; and a lack of well ed ucated and well trained management trainers. (Hutchings, 2006) Chinas successful progress as a key economic supremacy can only be obtained with the help of highly qualified, professionally trained administration (Dowling, 2009). In China the management training process is not only associated with economic basis and progress, but also to political and ideological beliefs. Since management progress is supposed as a significant means of improving managerial ability and improving competitive benefit, international firms engaged in joint ventures need to be aware of the cross-cultural implications in the design and implementation of management training courses for Chinese managers and its incorporation into the strategic HR system. (Dowling, 2009) 2.1 Recruitment and Selection It is a critical stage when the firms in China proceed to hire employees to fill the vacancies it has recognized. At the employment stage the firm attracts people to apply for its jobs; at the hiring stage it selects the best individual for the job or jobs from among the people it has fascinated. Employment and selection, thus, refers to the group of methods used to hire and select employees to execute the jobs recognized within the firm. (Cooke, 2007) 2.1.1 Cultural Issues At the time of enrollment and selection procedure in China, firm culture is the most significant and the most complicated part of such organization analysis since various candidates have different insight to same organization culture and moreover, various people communicate with the setting in which they work in a different manner. On the other hand, a thorough organization analysis could be done to emphasize the selection standard. (Warner, 2003) 2.1.2 Cost Benefit Analysis Chinese firms also make cost and advantage analysis at the time of selection and enrollment. The procedure of selection can be expensive, and some recruitment methods could be even more costly, such that some firms could only employ them for a few major vacancies. When a firm chooses its recruitment methods, it would try to assess whether the struggles will be worthwhile. To determine on the most cost-effective techniques, both the costs and the advantages related with the recruitment techniques should be considered. (Cooke, 2007) 2.1.3 Personality Test Personality test has also been adopted in China in selection procedure. They observe aspects of personality that have been demonstrated through research to associate with performance at workplace. Most personality assessments are self-report, where candidates are asked to note how they see themselves on a number of characteristics or behavior. Some items may be unlimited questions asking about preferred actions, and some items may be a selection from a range of statements, asking individual to select which statement most resembles them or is most contrasting them. (Wright, 2004) 2.2 Training and Development Although personnel develop their expertise through every day work, as we have just noted, firms often give additional proper learning chances. These may be off-the-job training programs, or they may contain work based development courses. We can also contain post-graduate qualifications such as the one you are studying for now. Personnel development is an identification that employees may need to develop modern skills or get new information, both for their own growth and to fulfill the firms requirements. (William, 2007) 2.2.1 Cultural Issues When multinationals turn into or with other nations there may be a supposition that because everybody within the firm is working for the same objectives and to the same standards, they will automatically interact, think and view the world in the similar way. When various cultures start working together, issues or complexities occur that several people within these firms are not expert or adept enough to cope with efficiently. This can merely be because they have never had to cope with the problem before. (Wright, 2004) 2.2.2 Language Barriers Language is the most significant thing when Chinese firms offer training to their staff. In China language is often the least complicated hurdle to breach. When we recognize there may be language variations, we have a greater understanding of the potential for issues. On the other hand, much more often its a totally different way of seeing things and an incapability, or reluctance, to see what the other individual is seeing that causes the complexities. (William, 2007) 2.2.3 Misunderstanding the Norms The most major problem in China we can say that misinterpretation the norm because the other individual understands our language (or we understand theirs) that we speak the same language. Often we dont. Even when our Native language is the same, we dont speak it the same way. When we work with other cultures, its easy to be affected by general stereotypes, misunderstandings and biases about our new colleagues. Without understanding it, we carry those understandings and stereotypes into meetings, conferences, training or even social get-together that can make interaction hard and difficult work. (Smith, 2005) 2.3 Performance Management and Appraisal Once the best candidate has been selected and has begun work, firms often wished to observe their work and help them to grow. In the first example, monitoring and growth happens through the normal procedures of daily work, where employees develop themselves with the help of their supervisors (Wright, 2004). On the other hand, some firms have recently begun to take a systematic advancement to the management of individual conduct, seeing it in the perspective of the overall policy of the firm: this is what has come to be called performance management. Several firms have also established it wanted to institute a formal annual review of performance, executed jointly by the worker and his or her supervisor: this is what is called performance evaluation? (Wright, 2004) 2.3.1 Cultural Dimensions In the China more and more shrinking business world, the firm has arrived with a bang. With it have come cultural problems of race, ethnicity, unlike educational background, language problems, etc. The firms in China are striving for proper alignment of cultural variations between workers of towards increasing organizational effectiveness and output. Such firms are evolving performance assessment methods appropriate for measuring and assessing worker performance along cultural dimensions. (Selmer, 2001) 2.3.2 Power Issues in Appraisal In appraising the workers in China power is major threat to companies while appraising the workers. In high power gap cultures, authority is focused at the top of a vertical organizational structure (Jackson, 2005). There are comparatively more supervisory employees, and the resulting variations in power are an accepted disparity between higher-level and lower-level people. Managers depend on formalized roles in which authority is vested and employees expect to be explained what to do without discussion. Close management and authoritative leadership are estimated to lead to job fulfillment, higher performance, and raised output. (Jackson, 2005) 2.3.3 Uncertainty Avoidance Improbability avoidance is the level to which participants of a firm in China fear the unexpected at the time of appraisal. Cultures with a low level of Improbability avoidance do not feel pressure while appraising and endangered when faced with reform and vagueness. Low uncertainty avoidance cultures have a comparatively short average time of job with each organization and feel little loyalty to the company. Although self employment is rare, they choose to work for smaller firms. (Selmer, 2001) 2.4 Compensation Management Deciding how much and in what way employees should be paid is a key part of HR management. Pay assessments are based not only on workers performance, but contain data from more universal performance management and assessment processes, such as an analysis of the movement of payment rates in the external marketplace. (Jackson, 2005) 2.4.1 Cultural Dimensions In Chinese culture, worker name pay-for-performance as the most essential tool in getting the greatest financial consequences at their firms. But, adopting real, pay-for-performance is simpler said than done. In Chinese culture workforces who outperform their colleagues will be rewarded properly, feel valued and content and more likely to stay with your firm. (Selmer, 2001) 2.4.2 Evolution of Compensation Nowadays in China compensation techniques have come from a long way. With the altering organizational structures employees need and compensation techniques have also been altering. From the bureaucratic firms to the participative firms, workers have begun asking for their rights and proper compensations. The higher education standards and higher expertise needed for the employment have made the firms provide competitive compensations to their workers. (Siam, 2007) 2.4.3 Modern Compensation Systems Nowadays the compensation systems are intended aligned to the business objectives and policies. The workers are required to work and take their own decisions. Administration is being delegated. Workers feel secured and valued in the company. Firms offer financial and non-monetary advantages to attract and retain the best talents in the competitive atmosphere. Some of the advantages are special allowances like mobile, firms vehicle; House rent allowances; statutory leaves, etc. (Shen, 2007) 2.5 Labor Relations To make sure productive worker relations, human resources management practitioners must cope with the administration of the relation between the employer and the employees as a whole. In several states and employers a trade union or unions represent employees (Siam, 2007). On the other hand, we will discuss that employment relations are a concern of the human resources manager even if his or her firm is not unionized: she or he must still determine, among other things, how the firm is going to interact with its employees, and the extent to which workers should involve in the management of the firm. 2.5.1 Cultural Dimensions Cultural issues do not describe or affect the way labor relations are executed in Chinas workplace, as several consider they do. The effect of the international market has considerably changed the way labor relations are really followed in China, which is called an international market paradigm. However, Collectivism and Confucianism carry on to affect labor relations in China and the ideological and cultural leftovers still to be found could influence Chinas relations with other countries for years to come. (Siam, 2007) 2.5.2 Employment Policies and Manuals Every firm in China keeps employment strategies and worker manual for workers of any stage. These strategies manuals helps the workers and firms in keeping good relationship by resolving disagreement through the proper processes previously discussed before job. (Siam, 2007) 2.5.3 Unemployment Benefits Many Chinese firms keep proper scheduling about personnel performance to curtail unemployment taxes and evaluation and in defending claims for advantages in managerial proceedings and court petitions. (Shen, 2007) 3.0 IHRM Environmental Factors in China Much of the development in the human resources function over the last thirty years may be typified to its vital role in keeping the firm out of dilemma with the law in China. Most companies are intensely concerned with possible liability resulting from staff decisions that may breach laws endorsed by the state legislatures, and/or local administrations. These laws are persistently understood in thousands of cases brought before regime agencies, federal courts, state courts, and the Supreme Court. (Smith, 2005) 3.1 Government Actions In China the HR management of company relies to a large extent on its capability to deal successfully with administration actions. Operating within the legal structure devise by Government needs keeping track of the external official environment and developing internal procedures (for instance, management training and grievance processes) to make sure compliance and reduce complaints. Several firms are now developing formal strategies on sexual harassment and setting up internal administrative channels to cope with alleged events before workers feel the need to file a case. (Shen, 2007) 3.2 Regional Economic and Political Activity Regional monetary and political activity often has a varied effect on public- and private sector companies. Still, politicians and economy in China typically exert much more control over organizational confronts than over environmental confronts in recruiting staff, determining pay, providing promotions, etc (Shen, 2007). Nevertheless successful managers spot organizational problems and cope with them before they become major issues. Only supervisors who are well educated about significant HR problems and organizational confronts can do this. These challenges encompass the requirement for a competitive position and flexibility, the issues of downscaling and organizational reform, the use of self-managed work groups, the growth of small businesses, the need to develop a strong organizational culture, the part of technology, and the development of outsourcing. (Shen, 2007) 3.3 Cultural Diversity The future achievement of any firms depends on the tendency to manage a diverse body of aptitude that can bring new ideas, views and prospective to their work. The challenge and issues encountered of workplace diversity can be turned into a tactical organizational asset if a firm is capable to capitalize on this melting pot of different talents (Selmer, 2001). With the merge of talents in China of different cultural backgrounds, genders, ages and way of life, a firm respond to business possibilities more quickly and creatively, particularly in the international arena, which must be one of the significant organizational objectives to be achieved. More significantly, if the organizational atmosphere does not support diversity generally, one risks losing talent to rivals. (Selmer, 2001) 4.0 IHRM and China Recently the firms in China are encountering the cultural diversity. The challenge of workplace diversity is also common amongst Singapores Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs). With a population of only 4 million individuals and the nations struggle towards high technology and knowledge-based economy; overseas talents are attracted to share their skills in these fields (Cooper and De Cieri, 2007). Therefore, many local human resources managers have to experience cultural-based HR Management training to enhance their capabilities to inspire a group of expert that are highly educated but culturally diverse. Moreover, the human resources professional must assure the local experts that these overseas talents are not a danger to their career development. In several ways, the efficacy of workplace diversity management is reliant on the skilful balancing act of the human resources manager. (Cooper and De Cieri, 2007) One of the major causes for unproductive workplace diversity management is the tendency to pigeonhole workers, placing them in a various silo based on their diversity profile (Hutchings, 2006). In the actual world, diversity cannot be simply classified and those firms that react to human difficulty by leveraging the talents of a wider workforce will be the most useful in flourishing their businesses and their client base. 5.0 IHRM and China As the real diversity is the major problem in China, so in order to successfully manage workplace diversity, Human Resources Manager needs to reform from an ethnocentric view our way is the best way to an ethnically relative view lets take the best of a variety of ways (Warner, 2003). This change in philosophy has to be inbuilt in the managerial structure of the Human Resources Manager in his/her planning, organizing, directing and managing of organizational resources. (Warner, 2003) Most firms in China have determined to begin mentoring program in the future. Because this is the best method to manage workplace diversity problems through initiating a diversity mentoring program. This could entail engaging different departmental supervisors in a mentoring program to coach and provide feedback to workers who are different from them. In order for the program to run effectively, it is wise to give practical training for these supervisors or seek help from advisors and professionals in this field. (Warner, 2003) 6.0 Conclusion The conventional functions of Human Resources Management now need to be tactically directed towards flourishing and sustaining organizational abilities, through activities that overlap with conventional business operations such as finance, marketing, and non-conventional operations, such as knowledge management. HR Information System has great importance in every field. It can execute an essential role and help the interactions procedure in the organization. Most significantly, firms can appoint and retain the leading performers, enhance output and improve job satisfaction of the workers. Human Resources Manager has the liability to amplify competence and profit, but in the current scenario, the role of Human Resources manager is altering quickly due to changes in regime policies, unions, labor legislations and technological advancement. The trends have occurred in the firm, HR planning, job design, enthusiasm, and employment and skill development and worker relations. The challenges can be encountered by Human Resources Manager effectively, if appropriate strategies are adopted. Therefore, the role of Human Resources Manager will be more vital in future due to the emerging scenario.

Nicholas Is Foreign Policy Essay -- essays research papers

Maintaining Order The Reign of Nicholas I has been marked with war. He grew up in a time when war was the accepted norm of Russia. As a child he saw his brother fight against the evil, which was Napoleon. With war being part of Nicholas everyday life he quickly became infatuated with it. â€Å"He always remained an army man, a junior officer at heart, devoted to his troops, to military exercises, to the parade ground, down to the last button on a soldiers uniform (Riasanovsky, 323)† Nicholas time growing up in Russia had an immense influence on him. He observed strategy’s like those of Prince Michael Kutuzov, and learned only with proper order can one fully achieve military dominance. Three major conflicts accurately describe how Nicholas I used his military. The Polish uprising illustrate his demand for proper order throughout Europe. The Crimean War displayed his love for the Christian faith, and what he would do to protect Orthodoxy. Lastly, the conflict between Greece and Turkey described how Nicholas I would act when a culmination of his ideas, conflicted with one another. Investigating how Nicholas I inherited the throne will give one an explanation on why he was so frightened by liberal thought. Nicholas I was basically forced to inherit the throne because, Constantine declared it was not in the best interest of Russia for him to succeed to the throne. On the day Nicholas I was to be inaugurated a peasant uprising manifested. This rebellion named the Decemberist’s put much more than a damper on Nicholas I afternoon. The revolt caused Nicholas I to never fully trust peasants throughout his reign. â€Å" No doubt it also contributed to the emperor’s mistrust of the gentry, and indeed of independence and initiative on the part of any subjects (Rias, 324).† From that day froward the Emperor would put down a law by the name of â€Å"Official Nationality (Rias, 324).† To fully comprehend how and why Nicholas I chose to run his foreign policy the way he did, one must delve into how his Empire was run at home. Nicholas I was influenced heavily by Christianity. Christianity drove him to believe that Official Nationality was the path towards Russian salvation, and only under this system could Russia maintain order. Official Nationality was a conservative system, which consisted of three principals; Orthodoxy, autocracy, and nationality. â€Å"Orthodoxy referred to the officia... ... a conflict that had both religious and revolutionary significance. This conflict between the Orthodox Greeks and the Turks eventually led to the aforementioned Crimean War. Nicholas I had a difficult decision on his hand because he would either have to side with the Orthodox Greeks or the Turks, which were the status quo at the time. One could see what Nicholas I valued more, religion or order. Nicholas I decided to side with the Greeks, making the Ottomans sign the Treaty of Adrianople in 1829 (Rias.,330). Nicholas I rule reflected in a striking manner both his character and his principles. The new regime became preeminently one of militarism and bureaucracy. The entire machinery of government came to be permeated by the military spirit of direct orders, Absolute obedience, and precision. Nicholas I ideals are what kept him from fulfilling the expectation people had of him. His main goals were to conserve autocracy and religious certainty, which Alexander had manifested years before. Nicholas I policy abroad hurt his Empire tremendously. His ignorance towards the possibility of maintaining order without Orthodoxy led his country into complete dissaray, and eventually his death.